Trace development of Geography as a discipline; GEOGRAPHY. Nature of Geography as a discipline. The Nature of Geography. The areal differentiation of the world involves the integration, for all points on the earth's surface. Areal Differentiation. The study of the spatial distribution of physical and human phenomena as they relate toother spatially proximate and causally linked phenomena in regions or other spatial units. Alongwith spatial analysis and landscape approaches, this is often seen as one of the three major approaches to understanding in human geography . It is indeed the oldest western tradition of geographical inquiry, tracing its beginnings to the Greeks Hecateus of Miletus and Strabo. Thegeographer, in Strabo\'s words, is \'the person who describes the parts of the Earth\'. ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND AREAL DIFFERENTIATION OF. ABSTRACT Geography is an important and. Economic Liberalization and Areal Differentiation of. Butdescription was never simply taking inventory of the various characteristics of different regions. The purpose was to understand those features of parts of the Earth that were of greatest politicaland military significance. This understanding was to wax and wane in relative importance downthe years. But it never completely faded away, even if revived under different circumstances andusing different concepts and language. The \'classic\' epoch of regional geography, to use Paul Claval\'s (1. Such geographers as Paul Vidal de la. Blache and Alfred Hettner were leading exponents of regional perspectives. An influentialmodern statement of geography as areal differentiation, drawing from the arguments of Hettner in particular, was made in Richard Hartshorne\'s The nature of geography (1. This is usuallyseen as claiming that geography is about showing how unique regions reveal the co- variation of phenomena that can only be understood through identifying regions. Hartshorne\'s repeated useof the term areal differentiation and his avowed indifference to the \'phenomena themselves\'could well lead to such an idiographic interpretation. The logic of the presentation, however,suggests that recognizing regions requires investigation of similarities as well as differences over space. Download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File (.pdf. Earth Sciences and Geography; Engineering and Technology; Environmental Science. Areal differentiation. The Nature of Geography TN 2. The areal context is set in space which. Areal differentiation, therefore, is about establishing degrees of sameness as well asdifference between regions (Agnew, 1. Hartshorne\'s critics (principally exponents of thespatial- analysis view of the field) accused him of seeing locations as unique and justifying atraditional regional geography in which \'areal differentiation dominated geography at theexpense of areal integration\' (Haggett, 1. This led to the association of areal differentiationwith the particularity of regions at the expense of attention to more extensive geographical patterns and to the causes of such spatial distributions. Defining geography as a spatial sciencethus moved the field away from a central concern with regions as spatial clusters of linked phenomena. In the 1. 98. 0s areal differentiation made something of a comeback as a central perspective for human geography. The revival is neither directly connected to older debates such as those between Hartshorne and his critics nor is it monolithic. Indeed, there are at least three specificintellectual positions in the revival, none of which uses the same concepts or vocabulary as theothers. The first derives from the streams of thought referred to collectively as humanistic.
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Rather, they are some of my favorites, honed by use and reuse over my teaching career at City College of San Francisco. I see the questions as straightforward, without tricks or subtleties, treating only essential content, which every student should be able to answer after completing an introductory physics course—particularly the course for engineers and scientists. The questions can also be given to students before the beginning of a course, to let an instructor know of their students’ initial grasp of the material that lies ahead. If marked improvement is observed between the beginning and end of a course, or good performance is demonstrated without the pre- test, then successful teaching efforts can be better seen as verified. If classes do poorly, then for one thing, perhaps more attention should be paid to the qualitative questions in the end- of- chapter material of almost every physics textbook. 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Fair Labor Standards Act of 1. Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage.
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1. Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage. By Jonathan Grossman. When he felt the time was ripe, President Roosevelt asked Secretary of Labor Perkins, 'What happened to that nice unconstitutional bill you had tucked away?'On Saturday, June 2. Congress had adjourned, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed 1. Among these bills was a landmark law in the Nation's social and economic development - - Fair Labor Standards Act of 1. FLSA). Against a history of judicial opposition, the depression- born FLSA had survived, not unscathed, more than a year of Congressional altercation. In its final form, the act applied to industries whose combined employment represented only about one- fifth of the labor force. In these industries, it banned oppressive child labor and set the minimum hourly wage at 2. Forty years later, a distinguished news commentator asked incredulously: ! Among notable cases is the 1. Hammer v. Dagenhart in which the Court by one vote held unconstitutional a Federal child- labor law. Similarly in Adkins v. Children's Hospital in 1. Court by a narrow margin voided the District of Columbia law that set minimum wages for women. During the 1. 93. Court's action on social legislation was even more devastating. New Deal promise. On signing the bill, the President stated: . Signers agreed to a workweek between 3. Employers who signed the agreement displayed a . The Cotton Textile Code was the first of these and one of the most important. It provided for a 4. North and $1. 2 in the South, and abolished child labor. The President said this code made him . The 1. 93. 5 case of Schechter Corp. United States tested the constitutionality of the NRA by questioning a code to improve the sordid conditions under which chickens were slaughtered and sold to retail kosher butchers. All nine justices agreed that the act was an unconstitutional delegation of government power to private interests. Even the liberal Benjamin Cardozo thought it was . Most notorious was the 1. Joseph Tipaldo. 1. The manager of a Brooklyn, N. Y., laundry, Tipaldo had been paying nine laundry women only $1. That lack of stability had a devastating impact on family life for the mother of three. The New Deal was a group of otherwise disjointed programs conducted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, throughout the Great Depression, especially from 1933-36. His program had three aspects: Relief, Recovery and Reform. It sought to provide. He supported such New Deal programs as the minimum wage and public housing; he greatly expanded federal aid to education and built the Interstate Highway system primarily as defense programs (rather than jobs program). In a private letter Eisenhower wrote. New York State minimum wage law. When forced to pay his workers $1. Tipaldo coerced them to kick back the difference. When Tipaldo was jailed on charges of violating the State law, forgery, and conspiracy, his lawyers sought a writ of habeas corpus on grounds the New York law was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court, by a 5- to- 4 majority voided the law as a violation of liberty of contract. The Tipaldo decision was among the most unpopular ever rendered by the Supreme Court. Even bitter foes of President Roosevelt and the New Deal criticized the Court. Ex- President Herbert Hoover said the Court had gone to extremes. Conservative Republican Congressman Hamilton Fish called it a . Wage- hour legislation was a campaign issue in the 1. Presidential race. The Democratic platform called for higher labor standards, and, in his campaign, Roosevelt promised to seek some constitutional way of protecting workers. He tried to pave the way for such legislation in his speeches and new conferences in which he spoke of the breakdown of child labor provisions, minimum wages, and maximum hour standards after the demise of the NRA codes. When Roosevelt won the 1. New Deal and was determined to overcome the obstacle of Supreme Court opposition as soon as possible. In February 1. 93. Roosevelt further voiced his disappointment with the Court at the victory dinner for his second inauguration, saying if the . Parrish. 1. 4 Elsie Parrish, a former chambermaid at the Cascadian Hotel in Wenatchee, Wash., sued for $2. State minimum wage. In an unexpected turn- around, Justice Owen Roberts voted with the four- man liberal minority to uphold the Washington minimum wage law. As other close decisions continued to validate social and economic legislation, support for Roosevelt's Court . Meanwhile, Justice Roberts felt called upon to deny that he had switched sides to ward off Roosevelt's court- packing plan. He claimed valid legal distinctions between the Tipaldo case and the Parrish case. Nevertheless, many historians subscribe to the contemporary view of Robert's vote, that . But a policeman threw her back into the crowd. Roosevelt told an aide, . Today the 2. 00 of us girls have been cut down to $4 and $5 and $6 a week. To a reporter's question, the President replied, . ROOSEVELT Public Papers and Addresses, Vol. V New York, Random House, 1. Back to the drawing board. Justice Roberts' . It is also a turning point in American social history, for it marked a new legal attitude toward labor standards. To be sure, validating a single State law was a far cry from upholding general Federal legislation, but the Parrish decision encouraged advocates of fair labor standards to work all the harder to develop a bill that might be upheld by the Supreme Court. An ardent advocate. No top government official worked more ardently to develop legislation to help underpaid workers and exploited child laborers than Secretary Frances Perkins. Almost all her working life, Perkins fought for pro- labor legislation. To avoid the sometime pitfall of judicial review, she consulted legal experts in forming legislation. Her autobiographical account of her relations with President Roosevelt is filled with the names of lawyers with whom she discussed legislation: Felix Frankfurter, Thomas Corcoran, Gerard Reilly, Benjamin Cohen, Charles Wyzanski, and many others both within and outside Government. When, in 1. 93. 3, President Roosevelt asked Frances Perkins to become Secretary of Labor, she told him that she would accept if she could advocate a law to put a floor under wages and a ceiling over hours of work and to abolish abuses of child labor. When Roosevelt heartily agreed, Perkins asked him, . She then told Roosevelt, . You're pretty unconstitutional, aren't you? One of the bills that Perkins had . Under the bill Government contractors would have to agree to pay the . The idea had been tried in World War I to woo worker support for the war. Then, President Hoover reincarnated the . This act - - the Davis- Bacon Act - - in expanded form stands as a bulwark of labor standards in the construction industry. Roosevelt and Perkins tried to make model employers of government contractors in all fields, not just construction. They were dismayed to find that, except in public construction, the Federal Government actually encouraged employers to exploit labor because the Government had to award every contract to the lowest bidder. In 1. 93. 5, approximately 4. NRA. The Roosevelt- Perkins remedial initiative resulted in the Public Contracts Act of 1. Walsh- Healey). The act required most government contractors to adopt an 8- hour day and a 4. The bill had been hotly contested and much diluted before it passed Congress on June 3. Though limited to government supply contracts and weakened by amendments and court interpretations, the Walsh- Healey Public Contracts Act was hailed as a token of good faith by the Federal Government - - that it intended to lead the way to better pay and working conditions. A broader bill is born. President Roosevelt had postponed action on a fair labor standards law because of his fight to . To cope with the danger of judicial review, Perkins' lawyers had taken several constitutional approaches so that, if one or two legal principles were invalidated, the bill might still be accepted. The bill provided for minimum- wage boards which would determine, after public hearing and consideration of cost- of- living figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, whether wages in particular industries were below subsistence levels. Perkins sent her draft to the White House where Thomas Corcoran and Benjamin Cohen, two trusted legal advisers of the President, with the Supreme Court in mind, added new provisions to the already lengthy measure. To that version Roosevelt added a child- labor provision based on the political judgment that adding a clause banning goods in interstate commerce produced by children under 1. Houses, because child- labor limitations were popular in Congress. Congress- round IOn May 2. President Roosevelt sent the bill to Congress with a message that America should be able to give . Connery of Massachusetts introduced corresponding legislation in the House. The Black- Connery bill had wide Public support, and its path seemed smoothed by arrangements for a joint hearing by the labor committees of both Houses. Generally, the bill provided for a 4. The bill also proposed a five- member labor standards board which could authorize still higher wages and shorter hours after review of certain cases. Proponents of the bill stressed the need to fulfill the President's promise to correct conditions under which . For example, a survey by the Labor Department's Children's Bureau of a cross section of 4. States showed nearly one- fourth of them working 6. The median wage was slightly over $4 a week. One advocate, Commissioner of Labor Statistics Isador Lubin, explained to the joint Senate- House committee that during depressions the ability to overwork employees, rather than efficiency, determined business success. The economy, he reported, had deteriorated to the chaotic stage where employers with high standards were forced by cut- throat competition to exploit labor in order to survive. Prosperity, they insisted, depended on the . Some leaders, such as Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union and David Dubinsky of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, supported a strong bill. In fact, when Southern congressmen asked for the setting of lower pay for their region, Dubinsky's union suggested lower pay for Southern congressmen. But William Green of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and John L. ELEMOSINERIA APOSTOLICA MODULO PER LA RICHIESTA DI BENEDIZIONE APOSTOLICA SU PERGAMENA Si prega di inserire tutte le informazioni qui di seguito richieste. M ASL 033 DELEGA PER RITIRO (da compilare a cura del delegante) Revisione n Dichiarazione adempimento Legge 1. Avviso del 1. 5 gennaio 2. Legge 1. 90/2. 01. Deliberazione n. 2. Comunicato del Presidente dell’Autorit.
SQL Tutorial - Update. SQL - Update. SQL UPDATE is the command used to update existing table rows with new data values. UPDATE is a very powerful command in the SQL world. It has the ability to update every single row in a database with the execution of only a single query. Due to UPDATE's supreme authority, it is in your best interest to always include a WHERE clause when working with UPDATE query statements. That way, you will not accidentally update more rows than you intend to. Execute the following UPDATE command to update the customer orders table. Since we've provided a WHERE condition with this update command, this update will only modify rows that match the condition and in this case it happens to be order number 1 made by Tizag. This update should increase the quantity from 4 Pens to 6 Pens for Tizag's first order. SQL Update Query. USE mydatabase. SET quantity = '6'. SQL Results: Let's verify our results by selecting this row from the orders table. SQL Verification Query. USE mydatabase. SQL Results: idcustomerday. If the WHERE condition is removed from this statement, SQL would modify every row with the new quantity value of 6 instead of just the single row that meets the condition of id = . SQL UPDATE replaces data, much like overwriting a previously saved file on a computer hard drive. However, a large amount of data is more efficiently streamed into a file by using Win32 interfaces. When you update a FILESTREAM field. You can update a UDT by supplying a value in a SQL Server system data. From SQLCourse.com: an interactive online training course for SQL beginners. Interactive Online SQL. The update statement is used to update or change records. Replacing part of field data of a table with another string using sql replace command. SQL replace query to substitute part of field data We know how to change data inside a field by using update command inside. Microsoft Access Update Query examples, SQL Syntax and errors with update queries. A value from another field in that table. This article contains Microsoft Visual C#.NET code samples that demonstrate how to use the SqlDataAdapter object to update a SQL Server. Update command Generated. SQL query to update field. SQL Query Update field depending on subquery. The first line of the above SQL UPDATE statement defines which table we are updating. The second line starts with the SET SQL keyword followed by one or more Column = Value pairs separated by commas. The second line of the. The SQL UPDATE command updates the In The 1Keydata SQL Tutorial teaches beginners the building blocks of SQL. This section explains the UPDATE. To do so, we can use the UPDATE command. The syntax for this is. SQL Varbinary Update Command. Please find below the Sql Update Command. So that couldn't possibly be the reason why it is not allowing an Update of that field with any value other than 0x0000000000. Sql Command To Update A Field Value BoxOnce an UPDATE command has been executed, the old data values are lost, being overwritten by the new value. SQL - Update Incrementing a Value. In the previous example, an order quantity was updated from 4 to 6. Say what we really wanted to do was not necessarily change it to 6, but to add 2 to the original order quantity. Updating the order quantity from 4 to 6 might have gotten the job done in that scenario, but that solution doesn't scale well. In the long run, we wouldn't get very much . So, instead of setting the quantity table column to a specific value of 6, we can send it the current table column value directly and then add 2 to that already existing value. SQL Update Code. USE mydatabase. SET quantity = (quantity + 2). SQL Results: idcustomerday. We no longer need to know the quantity of the order beforehand and we can add or subtract values from it in its current state. All we need to know is that we need to add 2 more to the quantity column to update the order correctly. This query is also more scalable, meaning we can update many rows at once. We will do so in the next example. SQL - Update Multiple Rows. As mentioned earlier, removing the WHERE clause from any UPDATE command is generally not a good idea since doing so will result in SQL updating every row in the table. However, since the intention of this next example is to update multiple rows, let's go ahead and remove the WHERE clause from the above example. SQL Update Multiple Rows. USE mydatabase. SET quantity = (quantity + 2). SQL Results: SQL Results: idcustomerday. Once again, let's update the same order id (1) changing the quantity of products ordered. But let's also take it another step further, by changing the quantity only when the products are Hanging Files. SQL Update Multiple Values. USE mydatabase. SET quantity = '1. Product = 'Hanging Files'. SQL Results: idcustomerday. Notice that after the SET keyword, the column and value sets are listed with each column/value pair being separated with a comma (,). Found Something Wrong in this Lesson? Report a Bug or Comment on This Lesson - Your input is what keeps Tizag improving with time! Afterschool Alliance. Federal Agencies. National Science Foundation. Sepa lo que dicen las recetas. EHC Program National Partnership Network. After funding decisions are made and funding approval is documented. Title: 2014 Edinburgh International Science Festival Programme. Transmission Infrastructure Program; Newsroom. News features; News releases; Publications; Fact sheets; Contact Public Affairs; Training. EPTC home; About EPTC. The Advancing Informal STEM Learning (AISL) program seeks to: advance new approaches to and evidence- based understanding of the design and development of STEM learning in informal environments; provide multiple pathways for broadening access to and engagement in STEM learning experiences; advance innovative research on and assessment of STEM learning in informal environments; and develop understandings of deeper learning by participants. Who’s eligible: See here who has been funded with this grant. What it funds: The AISL program supports six types of projects: (1) Pathways, (2) Research in Service to Practice, (3) Innovations in Development, (4) Broad Implementation, (5) Conferences, Symposia and Workshops, and (6) Science Learning + Proposals. The solicitation provides a full description of each project. How to apply: Active solicitations are posted on the program’s website. Supplementary resources for submitting a proposal are listed on informalscience. National Institutes of Health. The Science Education Partnership Awards (SEPA) program is designed to improve life science literacy throughout the nation through innovative educational programs. Who’s eligible: The awards are intended to encourage partnerships between biomedical and clinical researchers and K- 1.
Particular importance is given to applications that target students in preschool through grade 1. ISE)/media topics that may not be addressed by existing curriculum, community- based or ISE/media activities. What it funds: Classroom curricula, mobile laboratories, workshops, films, software and websites that give K- 1. How to apply: The SEPA awards are currently on hold. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. B- WET is an environmental education program that promotes locally relevant experiential learning in the K- 1. Who’s eligible: Funded projects provide meaningful watershed educational experiences for students and related professional development for teachers in support of regional education and environmental priorities in seven areas of the United States as part of a competitive funding process that promotes Meaningful Watershed Educational Experiences (MWEEs). The program focuses specifically on supporting individuals to understand, protect and restore watersheds and related ocean, coastal and Great Lakes ecosystems. What it funds: Programs with a focus on meaningful watershed education that incorporate classroom learning with field experience; sustained activity aligns with the general standards of education. How to apply: Refer to the regional funding opportunity announcements for specific priorities. Check the resources page for specific grant information. National Science Foundation. The NSDL program aims to establish a national network of learning environments and resources for STEM education at all levels. Who’s eligible: This program provides educational opportunities for undergraduate students, graduate students and K- 1. What it funds: The program has four tracks listed in the synopsis on the website that differentiates the use of funding between proposals for large grants and technology- intensive projects that use small grant support. How to apply: Proposals to NSF must be submitted electronically via either the NSF Fast. Lane System or Grants. National Science Foundation. The ITEST program supports the research and development of innovative models for engaging K- 1. STEM and information and communications technology (ICT) workforce of the future. There are many afterschool and summer projects under this program. Who’s eligible: Universities and colleges; nonprofit, non- academic organizations; for- profit organizations; state and local governments; and more. Successful ITEST projects will engage in foundational or model- based design applied research that seeks to understand conditions and contexts that improve K- 1. STEM learning pathways and STEM- focused career preparations and mentorships. How to apply: Active solicitations are posted on the NSF ITEST website. Visit the STELAR (STEM Learning and Research Center) website to read about past and active ITEST projects. U. S. Department of Energy. The LEDP was established by the Department of Energy to grant surplus and available used energy- related laboratory equipment to universities and colleges in the United States for use in energy- oriented educational programs. Who’s eligible: Participation in the LEDP is limited to accredited, post- graduate, degree granting institutions including universities, colleges, junior colleges, technical institutes, museums or hospitals, located in the U. S. The STEM Directory contains profiles of more than 3,7. STEM- related organizations, including federal funding programs. Profiles contain a general overview of the federal funding agency and descriptions of its STEM education initiatives. For example, the Higher Education Challenge Grants Program (NIFA) page provides a clear four- step plan that the program uses to enable colleges and universities to provide the quality of education necessary to produce baccalaureate or higher degree- level graduates capable of strengthening the nation’s food and agricultural scientific and professional workforce as their primary focus within the STEM field. Corporations. The Toyota USA Foundation is committed to enhancing the quality of K- 1. Who’s eligible: Applying organizations must be tax- exempt under the Internal Revenue Code section 5. United States. Applying organizations should promote diversity and inclusion, be financially sound, and have an established record for delivering high- quality education programs. What it funds: Grants, of a minimum of $5. How to apply: Toyota Grant Application Proposal. Innovation Generation (STEM) Grant. Motorola Solutions seeks to benefit the communities where it operates. The company achieves this by making strategic grants, forging strong community partnerships and fostering innovation. Who’s eligible: Awards will be granted to programs that provide engaging hands- on activities and spark interest in STEM careers among students in kindergarten through the university level. Priority is given to programs that focus on girls and minorities underrepresented in STEM careers. What it funds: A list of Innovation Generation (STEM) 2. Grant recipients can be found on the foundation’s main website page under the heading “Innovation Generation (STEM) Grants in North America.” How to apply: General grant application. The AHF program focuses on meeting the needs of American society in the areas of youth and scientific education by awarding grants to nonprofits, while strategically assisting communities in deriving long- term benefits. Who’s eligible: Nonprofit charitable organizations classified as a 5. Internal Revenue Service, a public school district, and private/public elementary and secondary schools as listed by the Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics. What it funds: Youth education, specifically in the areas of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, the environment, job training and literacy. How to apply: Any questions regarding funding can be answered on the FAQ page and the online application can be accessed as a PDF or online. STEMconnector. Profiles contain a general overview of the funding organization and descriptions of its STEM education initiatives. The STEM Directory contains profiles of over 3,7. STEM- related organizations, including foundations and philanthropic organizations. For example, afterschool and summer and extended learning time are two of The Wallace Foundation’s key areas for which their organization provides funding. |
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December 2016
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